abstract：:Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonar...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Behar SM,Carpenter SM,Booty MG,Barber DL,Jayaraman P

更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health burden. It is generally thought that while B cell- and antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in host defense against extracellular pathogens, the primary control of intracellular microbes derives from cellular immune mechanisms. Studies on the immun...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Chan J,Mehta S,Bharrhan S,Chen Y,Achkar JM,Casadevall A,Flynn J

更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Twenty-five years ago, immunologists and neuroscientists had little science of mutual interest. This is no longer the case. Neuroscientists now know that the first formally defined cytokine, IL-1, activates a discrete population of hypothalamic neurons. This interaction leads to the release of glucocorticoids from the...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Kelley KW,McCusker RH

更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metazoan parasites typically induce a type 2 immune response, characterized by T helper 2 (Th2) cells that produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 among others. The type 2 response is host protective, reducing the number of parasites either through direct killing in the tissues, or expulsion from the intestine. Typ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Allen JE,Sutherland TE

更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Initially discovered as an initiator protease in apoptosis mediated by death receptors, caspase-8 is now known to have an apparently confounding opposing effect in securing cell survival. It is required to allow mouse embryo survival, and the survival of hematopoietic cells during their development and activation. Cla...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Salvesen GS,Walsh CM

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ectodysplasin (Eda) is the most studied tumor necrosis ligand in the field of developmental biology. In all vertebrates studied so far, inactivating germline mutations in Eda lead to the genetic disease called hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). In humans, HED is a life-threatening condition in particular in infa...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Lefebvre S,Mikkola ML

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This issue of Seminars in Immunology on The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Family of Ligands and Receptors updates the rapidly expanding importance of this family. There are individual chapters on IL-1α, IL-1β, processing and secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36 and IL-37. In addition, a chapter of IL-1 decoy receptors, IL-1...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Dinarello CA

更新日期：2013-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:T helper 17 (Th17) cells have been reported to be responsible for several chronic inflammatory diseases. However, a peculiar feature of human Th17 cells is that they are very rare in the inflammatory sites in comparison with Th1 cells. The first reason for this rarity is the existence of some self-regulatory mechanism...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Annunziato F,Santarlasci V,Maggi L,Cosmi L,Liotta F,Romagnani S

更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Humans are continuously exposed to a high number of diverse pathogens that induce different types of immune responses. Primary pathogen-specific immune responses generate multiple subsets of memory T cells, which provide protection against secondary infections. In recent years, several novel T cell subsets have been i...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Geginat J,Paroni M,Facciotti F,Gruarin P,Kastirr I,Caprioli F,Pagani M,Abrignani S

更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Pentraxins are highly conserved components of the humoral arm of innate immunity. They include the short pentraxins C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), and the long pentraxin PTX3. These are soluble pattern-recognition molecules that are present in the blood and body fluids, and share the abi...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Inforzato A,Doni A,Barajon I,Leone R,Garlanda C,Bottazzi B,Mantovani A

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As T cells respond to pathogens, they must transition from a quiescent, naïve state, to a rapidly proliferating, active effector state, and back again to a quiescent state as they develop into memory cells. Such transitions place unique metabolic demands on the differentiating cells. T cells meet these demands by alte...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Verbist KC,Wang R,Green DR

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Advancing age is accompanied by profound changes in immune function; some are induced by the loss of critical niches that support development of naïve cells (e.g. thymic involution), others by the intrinsic physiology of long-lived cells attempting to maintain homeostasis, still others by extrinsic effects such as oxi...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： High KP,Akbar AN,Nikolich-Zugich J

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area of research. Primary areas considered include increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly following infection, and decreased responsiv...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Kogut I,Scholz JL,Cancro MP,Cambier JC

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The creation of a highly diverse antibody repertoire requires the synergistic activity of a DNA mutator, known as activation-induced deaminase (AID), coupled with an error-prone repair process that recognizes the DNA mismatch catalyzed by AID. Instead of facilitating the canonical error-free response, which generally ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Chahwan R,Edelmann W,Scharff MD,Roa S

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) play a critical role in maintaining immunological homeostasis. Treg cells are highly abundant in the mouse intestinal lamina propria, particularly in the colon. Recent studies using germ-free and gnotobiotic mice have revealed t...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Tanoue T,Honda K

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a key population in controlling the immune response. Recently, their roles have been expanded to broader, non-immune, contexts, in particular the metabolic consequences downstream of obesity-induced inflammation, e.g. type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review hi...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Cipolletta D,Kolodin D,Benoist C,Mathis D

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Earl...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Pilat N,Sayegh MH,Wekerle T

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vertebrate innate immune system consists of inflammatory cells and soluble mediators that comprise the first line of defense against microbial infection and, importantly, trigger antigen-specific T and B cell responses that lead to lasting immunity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for microbial non-self recog...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Oberbarnscheidt MH,Zecher D,Lakkis FG

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pursuit of clinical transplant tolerance has led to enhanced understanding of mechanisms underlying immune regulation, including the characterization of immune regulatory cells, in particular antigen-presenting cells (APC) and regulatory T cells (Treg), that may play key roles in promoting operational tolerance. D...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Ezzelarab M,Thomson AW

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The humoral arm of the immune system provides robust protection against extracellular pathogens via the production of antibody molecules that neutralize or facilitate the destruction of microorganisms. However, the humoral immune system also provides a significant barrier to solid organ transplantation due to the anti...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Montgomery RA,Cozzi E,West LJ,Warren DS

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian alimentary tract harbors hundreds of bacterial species that constitute the indigenous microbial flora. The indigenous microbial flora has long been appreciated for its role in host immune system development. Recent reports suggest that components of the microbial flora differentially affect the proportio...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Atarashi K,Umesaki Y,Honda K

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The skin immune system harbors a complex network of dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies highlight a diverse functional specialization of skin DC subsets. In addition to generating cellular and humoral immunity against pathogens, skin DCs are involved in tolerogenic mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of immune home...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Chu CC,Di Meglio P,Nestle FO

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recombination activating genes 1 and 2 (Rag1 and Rag2) encode the key enzyme that is required for the generation of the highly diversified antigen receptor repertoire central to adaptive immunity. The longstanding model proposed that this gene pair was acquired by horizontal gene transfer to explain its abrupt app...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Fugmann SD

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances have enabled a comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with over 30 identified and replicated disease loci. The pathophysiological consequences of disease gene variants in Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, the two main subentities of IBD, so far a...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Rosenstiel P,Sina C,Franke A,Schreiber S

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic autoimmune neurodegenerative disease. Like many common diseases, MS has a genetic component; however, as with most complex diseases, the genetic architecture may be influenced by heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance, polygenic inheritance, and environmental factors. This clinic...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Zuvich RL,McCauley JL,Pericak-Vance MA,Haines JL

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As a component of all living cells and microbes, it is not surprising that organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect foreign or aberrant DNA and trigger an innate immune response. TLR9 is an endosomal membrane bound receptor that is widely studied and the best understood DNA sensor. However, the existence of TLR9-in...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Vilaysane A,Muruve DA

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viral and microbial pathogens contain specific motifs or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by cell surface- and endosome-associated Toll-like receptors (TLRs). RNA virus infection is also detected through TLR-independent mechanisms. Early viral replicative intermediates are detected by...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Nakhaei P,Genin P,Civas A,Hiscott J

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized sensors of viral nucleic acids that initiate protective immunity through the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Normally, pDCs fail to sense host-derived self-nucleic acids but do so when self-nucleic acids form complexes with endogenous antimicrobial peptides ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Conrad C,Meller S,Gilliet M

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The unfolded protein response as a consequence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been implicated as a novel mechanism that may lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Impairment of proper ER stress resolution in highly secretory Paneth and, to a lesser extent, goblet cells within the epithelium can p...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Kaser A,Blumberg RS

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunological memory provides the basis for successful vaccines. It is important to understand the properties of memory cells. There is much known about the phenotype and functions of memory CD8 T cells, less about memory B cells, while CD4 memory T cells have proved difficult to study. Differences in the types of mem...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： MacLeod MK,Clambey ET,Kappler JW,Marrack P

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibody production is crucial for a successful vaccine response. Beyond the ability of vitamin A (VA) and its active metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to restore growth in VA-deficient animals, supplementation with VA and/or treatment with RA can augment antibody responses in both VA-deficient and VA-adequate ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Ross AC,Chen Q,Ma Y

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Ly49 and Nkrp1 loci encode structurally and functionally related cell surface proteins that positively or negatively regulate natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Yet despite their clear relatedness and genetic linkage within the NK gene complex (NKC), these two multi-gene famili...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Carlyle JR,Mesci A,Fine JH,Chen P,Bélanger S,Tai LH,Makrigiannis AP

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conventional therapies for malignant gliomas (MGs) fail to target tumor cells exclusively, such that their efficacy is ultimately limited by non-specific toxicity. Immunologic targeting of tumor-specific gene mutations, however, may allow more precise eradication of neoplastic cells. The epidermal growth factor recept...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Sampson JH,Archer GE,Mitchell DA,Heimberger AB,Bigner DD

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:From the earliest days in the field of tumor immunology three questions have been asked: do cancer cells express tumor-specific antigens, does the immune system recognize these antigens and if so, what is their biochemical nature? We now know that truly tumor-specific antigens exist, that they are caused by somatic mu...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Schietinger A,Philip M,Schreiber H

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymph nodes (LNs) represent the principal site where antigen-specific memory T- and B-cell responses are primed and differentiated into memory and effector cells. During chronic viral infections such as HIV, these lymphoid tissues undergo substantial structural changes. These changes are mostly caused by an imbalanced...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： van Grevenynghe J,Halwani R,Chomont N,Ancuta P,Peretz Y,Tanel A,Procopio FA,shi Y,Said EA,Haddad EK,Sekaly RP

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the past decade accumulating evidence supported the view that the immune system should be regarded as trust consisting of several branches. In this review, we will first introduce the architectural features comprising the intestinal immune system emphasising its plasticity and subsequently discuss the concepts desc...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Förster R,Pabst O,Bernhardt G

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) were identified decades ago by their ability to retain immune complexes and more recent findings indicate that they are a source of B cell attractants and trophic factors. New imaging studies have shown that B cells closely associate with their dendritic processes during migration. He...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Allen CD,Cyster JG

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The germinal center is a critical locus in the production of protective immunity, but its function is poorly understood. Studies of mutant forms of CD19 revealed differences in signaling in different compartments inside the germinal center, and structural findings indicate a selective role in the interaction with foll...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Carter RH,Myers R

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T helper (TH) cells can assume different phenotypes characterized by the secretion of distinct effector molecules. Interferon-gamma producing TH1 and IL-4 producing TH2 cells have long been recognized as important mediators of host defense, whereas regulatory T cells are known to suppress T cell responses. Recently, T...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Ghilardi N,Ouyang W

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules display peptides to the T cell receptor (TCR). The ability of the TCR to discriminate foreign from self-peptides presented by MHC molecules is a requirement of an effective adaptive immune response. Dysregulation of this molecular recognition event often leads ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Sundberg EJ,Deng L,Mariuzza RA

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00